World History: Patterns of Interaction: Chapters 17–19

This movement that started in Italy caused an explosion of creativity in art, writing, and thought that lasted approximately from 1300 to 1600. Historians call this period the Renaissance. The term means rebirth, and in this context, it refers to a revival of art and learning.

The study of classical texts led to humanism, an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements.

Most people remained devout Catholics. However, the basic spirit of Renaissance society was secular—worldly rather than spiritual and concerned with the here and now.

Church leaders during the Renaissance beautified Rome and
other cities by spending huge amounts of money for art. They became patrons of the arts by financially supporting artists. Renaissance merchants and wealthy families also were patrons of the arts.

Renaissance painters used the technique of perspective, which shows three dimensions on a flat surface.

Some followed the example of the medieval writer Dante. He wrote in the vernacular, his native language, instead of Latin. Dante’s native language was Italian.

Thomas More tried to show a better model of society. In 1516, he wrote the book Utopia. In Greek, utopia means “no place.” In English it has come to mean an ideal place as depicted in More’s book.

Quickly, Luther’s name became known all over Germany. His actions began the Reformation, a movement for religious reform.

Church law did not allow divorce. However, the pope could annul, or set aside, Henry’s marriage if proof could be found that it had never been legal in the first place.

He believed that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved. This doctrine is called predestination.

Calvin believed that the ideal government was a theocracy, a government controlled by religious leaders.

The second Ottoman leader, Orkhan I, was Osman’s son. He felt strong enough to declare himself sultan, meaning “overlord” or “one with power.”

An elite force of 30,000 soldiers known as janissaries was trained to be loyal to the sultan only.

The people also read haiku, 5-7-5-syllable, 3-line verse poetry. This poetry presents images rather than ideas.