Unit 1: Chapter 3, Sections 1–2

In 1819, Spain and the United States agreed on what has since been called the Transcontinental Treaty, or the Adams-Onis Treaty.

The virtues the American people would need to govern themselves in the new republic were called republican virtues. They included self-reliance, industry, frugality, harmony, and the sacrifice of individual needs for the good of the community.

The virtues the American people would need to govern themselves in the new republic were called republican virtues. They included self-reliance, industry, frugality, harmony, and the sacrifice of individual needs for the good of the community.

Many of the inventions grew out of what is now known as the Industrial Revolution. This revolution was an ongoing effort over many decades to increase production by using machines powered by sources other than humans or animals.

Many of the inventions grew out of what is now known as the Industrial Revolution. This revolution was an ongoing effort over many decades to increase production by using machines powered by sources other than humans or animals.

But he worked hard on his new system, and other inventors later perfected what is now called the system of interchangeable parts, in which all parts are made to an exact standard.

Whitney devised a solution to the problem: the cotton gin, a machine that separates the seeds from raw cotton fibers. (The word gin means an "engine" or "machine.")

Partly as a result of the Second Great Awakening, during the early 1800s several Protestant denominations, or religious subgroups, experienced rapid growth.

Both white and black Christians also sang spirituals, or folk hymns.

Land in New England could then be put to other uses, such as manufacturing, or the making of products by machinery.

The changes of the Market Revolution were based on a free enterprise system. This is an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods; investments that are determined by private decision rather than by state control; and determined in a free market.

The Market Revolution could not have happened without large amounts of capital, or wealth that can be invested to produce goods and make money.

Industrialization, or the growth of industry, increased rapidly.

Workers had only one real weapon: a strike, or work stoppage.

A labor union is an organization of workers formed to protect their interests, usually by negotiating to resolve issues such as wages and working conditions.

The state maintained that in such cases, states could nullify, or reject, federal laws they judged to be unconstitutional.

The theory of state sovereignty maintains that because states created the federal government, they have the right to nullify its acts and even to secede, or withdraw, from the Union if they wish to do so.