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Full list of words from this list:

words only definitions & notes
  1. reestablish
    bring back into original existence, function, or position
    Ruling after the Yuan, the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) reestablished ethnic Chinese rule. (4.5.A)
  2. critique
    a serious examination and judgment of something
    Soon afterward, maritime expeditions were scaled back due to Confucian critiques of state support for merchants and growing concerns of external land-based threats. (4.5.A)
  3. diplomacy
    negotiation between nations
    By the late 18th century, the Qing had doubled the imperial boundaries of China through military conquest and tribute-based diplomacy. (4.5.A)
  4. maintain
    stick to correctly or closely
    The Qing maintained Confucian principles and the examination system, and were patrons of Chinese arts and literature. (4.5.A)
  5. patron
    someone who supports or champions something
    The Qing maintained Confucian principles and the examination system, and were patrons of Chinese arts and literature. (4.5.A)
  6. tribute
    payment by one nation for protection by another
    Having paid tribute to the Mongols for centuries, the Duchy of Moscow overthrew the Golden Horde in the 15th century and united the Russian princes. (4.5.B)
  7. frontier
    a wilderness at the edge of a settled area of a country
    The establishment of military and farming settlements along the frontier were central to Russia’s eastern expansion. (4.5.B)
  8. cavalry
    troops trained to fight on horseback
    Cossacks formed efficient cavalries and used firearms. (4.5.B)
  9. diminish
    lessen the authority, dignity, or reputation of
    Russia, like other gunpowder empires, diminished the autonomy of nomadic societies. (4.5.B)
  10. autonomy
    political independence
    Russia, like other gunpowder empires, diminished the autonomy of nomadic societies. (4.5.B)
  11. nobility
    a privileged class holding hereditary titles
    Over time, the Russian nobility increasingly yielded to the authority of the state in exchange for newly conquered lands. (4.5.B)
  12. undermine
    weaken or impair, especially gradually
    Frequent succession crises and increasingly rebellious nobles undermined the power of Russian czars for most of the 17th century. (4.5.C)
  13. czar
    a male monarch or emperor
    Frequent succession crises and increasingly rebellious nobles undermined the power of Russian czars for most of the 17th century. (4.5.C)
  14. institute
    set up or lay the groundwork for
    Tsar Peter the Great (1689–1725) repeatedly crushed rebellions by nobles to secure his power and instituted dramatic reforms. (4.5.C)
  15. reform
    a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses
    Tsar Peter the Great (1689–1725) repeatedly crushed rebellions by nobles to secure his power and instituted dramatic reforms. (4.5.C)
  16. wage
    carry on (wars, battles, or campaigns)
    Peter modernized Russia’s military and waged wars to improve Russia’s access to sea trade. (4.5.C)
  17. incentive
    a positive motivational influence
    Unlike Russia, China’s global economic strength provided little incentive to engage in Western trade or ideas. (4.5.C)
  18. engage
    carry out or participate in an activity
    Unlike Russia, China’s global economic strength provided little incentive to engage in Western trade or ideas. (4.5.C)
  19. diffusion
    the act of dispersing something
    The diffusion of Western science was limited to Chinese scholars’ interest in scientific knowledge shared by Jesuit missionaries. (4.5.C)
  20. missionary
    someone sent to a foreign country to spread a religion
    The diffusion of Western science was limited to Chinese scholars’ interest in scientific knowledge shared by Jesuit missionaries. (4.5.C)
Created on Tue Jul 21 10:06:29 EDT 2020 (updated Tue Jul 21 11:57:43 EDT 2020)

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