Oh, the Humanity!: Genetics - High School

purine base found in DNA and RNA

reproduction without the fusion of gametes

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

one of the pairs of chemical bases joined by hydrogen bonds that connect the complementary strands of a DNA molecule or of an RNA molecule that has two strands; the base pairs are adenine with thymine and guanine with cytosine in DNA and adenine with uracil and guanine with cytosine in RNA

the process in reproduction and growth by which a cell divides to form daughter cells

one of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosis

the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins; during mitotic division it condenses into chromosomes

any event that changes genetic structure

a specific sequence of three adjacent nucleotides on a strand of DNA or RNA that specifies the genetic code information for synthesizing a particular amino acid

fertilization by the union of male and female gametes from different individual of the same species

the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis

fertilization by transfer of pollen from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of another

a base found in DNA and RNA and derived from pyrimidine

a cell formed by the division or budding of another cell

(genetics) the loss or absence of one or more nucleotides from a chromosome

a hybrid produced by parents that differ only at two gene loci that have two alleles each

an organism or cell having the normal amount of DNA per cell

biometric identification obtained by examining a person's unique sequence of DNA base pairs; often used for evidence in criminal law cases

the enzyme responsible for DNA replication

an allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different

sequence of a gene's DNA that transcribes into protein structures

English biochemist who (with Watson in 1953) helped discover the helical structure of DNA (1916-2004)

conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein

a disease or disorder that is inherited genetically

the branch of genetics that studies organisms in terms of their genomes (their full DNA sequences)

Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884)

a purine base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with cytosine

(genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes

sequence of a eukaryotic gene's DNA that is not translated into a protein

United States geneticist who (with Crick in 1953) helped discover the helical structure of DNA (born in 1928)

the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in an individual or species (including the number and arrangement and size and structure of the chromosomes)

each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random

members of a pair of homologous chromosomes separate during the formation of gametes and are distributed to different gametes so that every gamete receives only one member of the pair

any pair of genes that tend to be transmitted together

the template for protein synthesis

a hybrid produced by crossing parents that are homozygous except for a single gene locus that has two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas)

meiosis in which there is a failure of paired homologous chromosomes to separate; results in an abnormal number of chromosomes in the daughter cells

a phosphoric ester of a nucleoside

a small cellular inclusion consisting of a ring of DNA that is not in a chromosome but is capable of autonomous replication

of or relating to an inheritable character that is controlled by several genes at once; of or related to or determined by polygenes

of a cell or organism having more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes

the condition of being polyploid

bred for many generations from member of a recognized breed or strain

an allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical

genetically engineered DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different organisms

any of the enzymes that cut nucleic acid at specific restriction sites and produce restriction fragments; obtained from bacteria (where they cripple viral invaders); used in recombinant DNA technology

the enzyme that copies DNA into RNA

fertilization by transfer of pollen from the anthers to the stigma of the same flower

a spermatozoon or an ovum

a chromosome that determines the sex of an individual

concerning characteristics that are determined by genes carried on the sex chromosomes (on the X chromosome in particular)

reproduction involving the union or fusion of a male and a female gamete

a cell that does not participate in reproduction

a base found in DNA and derived from pyrimidine

RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety capable of combining with a specific amino acid) that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell (according to directions coded in the mRNA)

(genetics) an exchange of chromosome parts

(genetics) a kind of mutation in which a chromosomal segment is transfered to a new position on the same or another chromosome

chrosomal abnormality in which there is one more than the normal number of chromosomes in a cell

a base containing nitrogen that is found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with adenine

the sex chromosome that is present in both sexes: singly in males and doubly in females

the sex chromosome that is carried by men