If someone plans your birthday party unbeknownst to you — that is, you're completely unaware of it — it will probably be a surprise party.
Used as an adjective or adverb, unbeknownst is descended from unbeknown (1848), which combines the prefix un- ("not") with be ("by, about") and know. Sometimes the FBI might be secretly working on a case, unbeknownst to the CIA, which is also secretly working on it. Imagine their frustration when everyone finds out they could have shared information and work, while saving time and manpower.