Other forms: dualisms
If you see the world as split into two distinct parts, you're a proponent of dualism. The philosophy that your mind and body are two completely separate, independent aspects of you is one particular type of dualism.
There are many theories that go by the name of dualism, but the idea that minds and bodies are separate is probably the most common. Another type of dualism splits the world into a person and the world outside that person, with a barrier between the two. In fact, any time you divide things into two categories — hot and cold, good and evil, male and female — that's also a kind of dualism. The Latin root is duo, "two."